In familiar, all diseases of the fleece can be divided into specific broad groups:
Pyoderma - a pustular contagion caused by way of pyogenic bacteria (staphylococcus, streptococcus, etc.). Pyoderma is the most general diseases of the hide of any majority group. These comprehend folliculitis, sycosis vulgaris, furunculosis, carbuncles, hydradenitis, impetigo, and numerous others.
Fungal infections - fungal diseases caused by means of pathogenic fungi: pityriasis versicolor, epidermatofitiya groin, epidermatofitiya conclusion trichophytia, rubrofitiya, candidiasis, blastomycosis, etc.
Viral dermatoses caused by unique viruses: herpes simplex and herpes, warts, molluscum contagiosum.
Confirmed communicable diseases: tuberculosis of the graze, leprosy, Lyme disease.
Parasitic diseases - a moderately reciprocal group of skin diseases caused close to different pathogens: mites - mange, demodicosis, lice - lice, leishmania - leishmaniasis of the skin.
Allergic - a league of lamina diseases caused by an allergic skin repulsion to something. These take in allergic dermatitis, toxicoderma, eczema, urticaria.
Neyrodermatozy - diseases caused on the whole before changes in the apprehensive practice: itchy fell, atopic dermatitis, prurigo.
Psoriasis - the most stock long-lasting skin disorder that affects as nails and joints. The following types of psoriasis: an ordinary, exudative, seborrheic, palmoplantar, pustular,
Basal Cell Carcinoma, arthropathic, erythrodermic psoriasis.
Diffuse connective concatenation affliction characterized by lesions of connective pile subsume lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and dermatomyositis.
Autoimmune bullous dermatosis - a disease, the solitary or primary morphological item face of which is the bubble: pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring.
Angiitis of the graze (vasculitis) - dermatitis, characterized close to nonspecific inflammation of blood vessels of varying degrees. There are polymorphous dermal vasculitis, purpura pigmentosa dyed in the wool, knotty angiitis.
Genodermatosis - a transferable crust disability, manifested through a variety of pathological processes in the outer layer: ichthyosis, keratoderma, bullous epidermolysis, Recklinghausen's disease.
Disorders of hull appendages (sebaceous glands, ringlets and nails) comprehend seborrhea, and the virus developing as its consequences (eg, alopecia), acne of all kinds.
Dyschromia of the hull constitute a contravention of its pigmentation, usually caused close to disorders of melanin pigment deposits.
On tumors of the epidermis seborrheic keratoses are, cutaneous horn, keratoakantoma, precancer of the lamina, basal stall carcinoma, squamous carcinoma, melanoma, and fibroma.
Furunculosis (Latin furunculus bubble +-osis) - stafilodermiya, characterized not later than the regular hint of restored boils at contrary stages of development in different parts of the body. Wherefore, the plague is defined as a inveterate relapsing passionate process.
The most attend regularly sites of localization boils are the confess b confront (the nose and cheeks), neck, shoulders, hips, buttocks. The bug most of the time develops on areas of incrustation trauma, even nominal, in the colour of a single target, multiple foci are rare.
Predisposing factors are the notwithstanding as that of a single boils (skin contamination, scratches, enormous drop of sweat bullets and sebaceous glands, etc.), as incredibly as the weakening of the vaccinated eminence (failure in neutrophil chemotaxis, hypogammaglobulinemia, immunodeficiency say in linking with thymoma, diabetes, etc ..) Altogether in many cases there are cases where furunculosis is a complexity of other decorticate diseases such as eczema or scabies.
Individual boils expatiate on as single: on the abrade the waters painful pustule appears glowing red in color, reaching 3-5 cm in diameter in the prepare of development, it begins to extrude exceeding the conical healthy shell, forming a necrotic core. After 10-20 days, the autopsy is the pustule, accompanied by copious purulent necrotic mass. The process ends with scarring of the hearth.
The difference between solitary furuncle and furunculosis is that the appearance of multiple boils may degenerate the dogged: fever may enter into the picture, the unaggressive complained of overall weak point, headaches. Blood tests revealed leukocytosis, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Thinkable complications of the disease usually come out when it is localized on the president (semblance), neck, meningitis, cerebral sinus thrombosis, sepsis.
Carbuncle - purulent-necrotic irritation of the occasional curls follicles, which join to configuration a free fervent infiltrate. Usually develops as a sequel of the same factors that chafe (peel contamination, injury, immoderate secreting of stew glands, diabetes, etc.). The sickness is localized in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, the most frequent rank of bearing formations - the side with of the neck, shoulders, keester and debase back.
Since the fervent process involves a handful curls follicles, the carbuncle, in discriminate to the seethe, a few necrotic cores. Irritated integument is vastly swells, becomes purplish-red and zealous to the touch. In equality, there is deterioration of run-of-the-mill working order of the passive: there is a fever (temperature may ascend to 40 degrees), headache, nausea or vomiting, severe cramp at the site of localization of inflammation, the accommodating feels a general taste, diminution of appetite.
After a inexorable period revealed an red follicle, forming several openings which are separated pyonecrotic selection. In its area remains a festering chancre plane superficially, which slowly heals (2-4 weeks), and leaves behind a rugged star-shaped scar.
Treatment of carbuncle has a few areas:
surgical dissection;
antibiotics and injections of antibiotics approximately the localization of inflammation (in the prematurely stages of growth), the reception of detoxifying;
UHF;
also appointed by proteolytic enzymes, disinfectants, and ointments epiteliziruyutsya (levomikol, baktroban, TOMICID).
Fungal infections (dermatomycosis syn.) a organize of diseases of the outer layer and its appendages (ringlets and nails) caused by pathogenic fungi of different genera. They occupy a substantial order among the mycoses.
Centre of the fungal diseases be experiencing identified a bunch of groups: tinea, keratomikozy, candidiasis, and a group of styled deep mycoses. It also includes a party of psevdomikozov, agents which occupy an intermediate status between fungi and bacteria.
The most common lamina diseases caused before fungi, are dermatofii, agents which - trihofiton fungi, and mikrosporumy epidermofiton. These incorporate hull diseases eidermofitiya conclude rubrofitiya, trichophytia, crusted ringworm. The most run-of-the-mill of them tinea pedis - athlete's foot and rubrofitiya. Typically caused around red trihofitonom, they can denigrate not only the pellicle of the feet and nails, and other sturdy areas of the skin. Factors contributing to the phenomenon of fungal feet, are breaches of the rules of special hygiene, sanitary-epidemic regime in basins, showers, etc., where the mushrooms can be extended on wet surfaces, in putrescent waters.
Less general keratomikozy - fungal diseases affecting only the appear areas of the stratification corneum of the epidermis, or cuticle hair. Entirety the grand keratomikozov pityriasis versicolor, trihosporiyu nodosum.
The do in of the fell, nails and straight ridges observed in the candidiasis - a murrain caused alongside fungi of the genus Candida. Infection occurs past them in heterogeneous ways, including the development of candidiasis is practical with irrational manipulate of antibiotics, corticosteroids and other drugs, unequalled to dysbacteriosis.
The deep mycoses in Europe are rare - they are character of Africa, South America. Infection occurs when pelt microtraumas. On the skin, there are various bumps, knots, are apt to ulceration. The risk of preoccupied fungal infections is that they affect the deeper layers of decorticate, subcutaneous pile, underlying muscles and even bones and internal organs and over leads to death.
Treatment of fungal diseases is carried out using antifungal agents: ointments, creams and solutions (clotrimazole, terbinafine, lotseril, mikoseptin, nystatin, nitrofungin, etc.) and tablets (Lamisil, levorin, Nizoral, Nystatin, Orungal, etc.). If unsympathetic fungus is every once in a while required surgery - shifting of ailing nail.
Wart - a viral dermatosis caused past assorted types of considerate papillomavirus (HPV).
There are diverse types of warts, depending on the typewrite of factor: vulgaris (overused) are caused nigh pathogens of HPV-2 and HPV-3, plantar - agents of HPV
-1, HPV-2, HPV-4, the downright - the causative means of HPV-3, spiky - agents of HPV -6, HPV
-11.
Conventional (tasteless) indoctrination are customarily observed in childhood and adolescence. They look like pimples flesh pinkish-gray in color with a strongly thickened, rough fa‡ade, whose dimensions variety from 1 mm to 1 cm in diameter. Most commonly they are placed in the hands (the fingers).
Flat warts are develop by in children and teenaged adults. They are a multiple curvilinear or egg-shaped papules color with a smooth emerge, reaching 1-3 mm in diameter. Normally located on the self-respect, neck, strongbox, dorsum of hands, can be located linearly, slight atop the consistent of fine fettle skin.
Plantar can occur at any time eon, they waken the materialization of micro impede fulsome sweating (hyperhidrosis) feet. This is usually multiple, definite, stiff to the performance level with the production of a uncivil surface. Some of them definitely throbbing, extremely those in the strength of pressure during walking.
Genital warts are considered to be diseases, sexually transmitted infections. They are located in the mucous membranes and represent the elements of the nodules, resembling a cock's comb.
Diagnosis of warts is carried free on clinical grounds without difficulty.
Molluscum contagiosum - a viral infection dermatosis.
The causative spokesman of molluscum contagiosum is a virus pathogenic in place of humans. The virus is transmitted alongside direct in (including fleshly) and through the expend of stereotyped items (washcloths, sponges, towels, etc.). The illness is more garden-variety in preschool children. In persons of midway and ancient period blight provoking factors are long-term treatment of corticosteroids and cytostatics. Every now the disease is accompanied near HIV infection or other diseases, sexually transmitted infections, as an twisted ensign of them.
The incubation period is 2 weeks - 2-3 months. The disease is manifested about the mien of the husk penetration of the virus in places, illustrious, translucent nodules of pink or grayish-yellow color. The amount of such nodules ranges from several mm to 1 cm in the center of the locale detected a built indentation. When you click on an item from the deepening of the prime allocation is whitish sallow mass.
The numeral of emerged nodules may be divergent: solitary select most located on the face, neck, recoil from of hands; multiple can be localized anywhere on the incrustation and grouped into small pockets. In the victim of the virus into the hull through erotic get in touch with molluscum contagiosum time after time localized to the pubic neighbourhood, genitals, inner thighs. In some patients, the elements be prone to merge, transforming into a large tumor-like formations with inconsiderate edges - the supposed "colossus clam".
If untreated, some elements of molluscum contagiosum can disappear on their own, but the simultaneous emergence of new elements in the theretofore affected areas of skin.
Psoriasis (psoriasis vulgaris),
Lupus erythematosus - a continuing condition of the epidermis, nails and joints, characterized near the show on the skin monomorphic rash. The eczema is a slow papules of various sizes that be liable to amalgamate into stout pink-red plaques with silvery scales covering white.
At the trice it is entire of the most banal long-standing diseases of the skin. It is suggested that psoriasis is phony not solitary the skin, nails and joints, but also some internal organs (eg kidneys). Though, this understanding is not scientifically proven.
There are very many theories re the commencement of the disability: viral, genetic (genetic predisposition to increased apartment growth), neurogenic (predisposition of the fearful process) and others.
In psoriatic epidermis revealed acanthosis and papillomatosis on the nose sharply, customary of parakeratosis. Thinned epidermis, consists of two or three rows of cells. In the basal layers of the epidermis and the thorny mitoses found in the papillary dermis - the dilatation of capillaries, the inflaming infiltrate.
The development of the disease is characterized alongside a multifariousness of start: the ailment can start bordering on unperceived through the unswerving with the mien of multiple papules and may manifest impetuous spread of the shell fa‡ade scars. The infirmity is caused not later than the seasons: as a consequence, the most ordinary "winter" genus with exacerbations during the bitter-cold opportunity ripe, at least - "summer". Also, then there is a clashing type of exacerbation which spring up at any heyday of year.
There are a sprinkling forms of the disease: psoriasis fair exudative, pustular, seborrheic, hand-foot, arthropathic, psoriatic erythroderma.
Dermatitis - skin lesions of an fomenting personality, resulting from actual weight on it. There are plain and allergic graze lesions.
The development of dull-witted dermatitis occurs when exposed to force stimulus: chemicals (acids, alkalis), physical contact (high or small temperatures - a fritter away or frostbite, radiation, colourless emphasis, electric up to date, etc.). The provocative development develops in the film at the placement is strictly stimulus effects, and its inhumanity depends on the power and uncovering leisure stimulus, as well as the properties of the fleece and the localization of rebellious lesions. There are three stages of the ailment: erythematous, vesicular-bullous and necrotic. If adverse effects on the incrustation is constantly, you might congestive erythema, infiltration and desquamation of the skin.
A uncontrived manifestation occurs closely after communicating to the stimulus, ie develops without the incubation period. The exclusive exceptions are burns, frostbite, jumbo areas of fleece, a clinical representation that unbelievably hard.
Atopic dermatitis develops as an allergic reaction of delayed group to the stimulus. Allergens are predominantly chemical substances (detergents, chromium, nickel, insecticides), medication (sintomitsinovaja emulsion and other ointments, which are present in the antibiotics) and cosmetics (eg hair dyes).
The clinical perfect of allergic mould of the infection is as follows: the skin reddens without the pattern of clear boundaries and swells, it formed microvesicles, hemispherical blisters with definite or overcast purport, which at the pit of leaving behind a weeping mikroerozii, scales, crusts.
The clinical image of atopic dermatitis differs from the uncomplicated particulars that the first affects the epidermis, not single on the effects of stimulus location, but also extends beyond its effects. Repayment for model, the effects of an allergic reaction to poor quality ink can spread on the gutsiness, neck and unchanging chest. Self-centred feelings of the acquiescent is most time again characterized close to a undisguised itching.
Itching - a condition in which the situation of talented matter are changes in the nervous system. Itching - the instinct that causes the need to comb the skin. Presumably, this identification of pain, but in modified form, which occurs when a chicken stimulation of cutaneous fortitude endings responsible for pain perception. Some scholars take identified in human skin-specific receptors that sense an itch.
There are two types of pruritus:
physiological arising bites and crawling insects on the shell;
pathology that occurs in diseases.
The causes of itching are a mixture of pathological lesions of the upset plan, digestive plan, diseases of the endocrine class (diabetes), metabolic disorders (atherosclerosis), and malevolent diseases of internal organs, blood, toxemia of pregnancy, worm infestation, a covey of fell diseases (eczema, atopic dermatitis, a red lichen planus, scabies, etc.). In stable pelt diseases, itching is their at most clinical manifestation. The pathogenesis of pruritus was not significantly intentional, but it is known that in its materialization involves neural, humoral, vascular mechanisms.
There are generalized and localized itching.
Generalized pruritus is characterized before paroxysmal, his seizures regularly occur in the evening and incessantly time. Is intolerable morality, so much a unbalanced skin brushing, plucking the epidermis. Scratches are linear or punctually character. In some cases, there is a generalized itching all the time.
Distinguish the following subtypes of generalized itching: time-worn, high-altitude, solar (mild). An one-time staff appears in the senile (over 60) and is rightful to involutional (presenile) processes in the body including the skin. High-rise is observed when people increase to a extreme fell of once again 7000 m greater than sea level, it arises as a sequel of stimulation of baroreceptors. Tan is due to prolonged photosensitivity.
A localized itch is characterized at near little, it inveterately occurs in the anus, foreign genitalia. Etiologic factors such forms are itching inveterate infection in the pelvic organs (prostate, adnexitis, etc.), helminth infection, trichomoniasis, enzymatic disorders of the mucous membrane of the rectum, genital changes that strike in menopause. Continued endurance of itching can decoy to complications in the form of accession pyococcus infection candidiasis.
In patients with localized coating ulcers observed irritability, nap affray authority, negative cash flow death of appetite.
Atopic dermatitis - a inveterate epidermis bug of frenzied constitution, which is characterized through the show of erythematous-lichenoid lesions are prostrate to mergers and the crystallization of foci of papular infiltration and morphological changes of the husk (its seal, a disregarding of the assume).
There are two types of neurodermatitis: diffuse and limited. About is an allergic reaction to the stimulus. It can promote poor nutrition, intoxication, impaired functioning of the internal organs (liver, resign, kidney), the centers of other dyed in the wool infections, as luxuriously as practicable disorders of the dominant disturbed plan, autonomic group, disorders of the endocrine kind (eg, impaired functioning of the pituitary-adrenal axis). The sheer situation in the unfolding of this plague are disorders of the in a flap and endocrine systems. It can happen at any age.
The main warning sign is the air of periphrastic neurodermatitis papules waxen pink, subjectively characterized beside itching. Papules tend to unite into unbroken lesions with ensuing lichenification of the skin. Such centers inveterately are located on the flexor surfaces of the extremities - elbows, knees, wrists, and on the lateral surfaces of the skin. Other changes in the hide cross someone's mind on the facing, abandon and thorax ' on the veneer become visible pink erythema, with no clear boundaries and characterized past ill-treatment desquamation. The dogged complains of constantly growing itching, scratching causes the lesion sites microtraumas, cracks, color changes in non-fluctuating areas of the rind, itchy and very sparkling tack dish, looks like polished. Because scratching can ally pyococcus infection. The fleece becomes dry, prospering gray.
The indefatigable observed the following clinical symptoms: catch forty winks intrusion, appetency harm, hypotension,
Shingles, shortcoming, weariness, hypoglycemia, etc. The patient becomes excitable, sobbing, it may be lowering of body weight.
The illness is characterized past a prolonged course with a relevant of swelling subsided during the summer months. As the case may be the spread of this prepare until the erythroderma. This may be owing to an unfavorable course of the complaint, improper treatment, is an irritant to the skin.
Slim neurodermatitis affects little areas of the veneer, the most customary localization - educate and side of the neck, the incrustation around the ankles, in the genital area. Lesions in the limited form are divided into three zones:
center, the biggest feature of which is lichenification of the skin;
Depressing - that zone of the incrustation, which rise glinting papular foolhardy of tight rate;
unessential, characterized not later than hyperpigmentation of the skin.
Seborrhea - a sickness characterized nearby enhanced secretion of the sebaceous glands, as successfully as changes in the chemical theme of sebum.
The etiology of seborrhea is not unclear. Changing the chemical compound of sebum leads to the repressing of bactericidal properties of sebum. As a conclusion, the healthy microflora of the peel is transformed into pathogenic. The disorder of drip of sebaceous glands are usually caused at hand an imbalance between estrogen and androgen hormones in the running of the latter. Most habitually this occurs at the grow older of 14-25 years.
Histologically, this murrain are observed hyperkeratosis, sebaceous gland hypertrophy, infiltration here veneer appendages and blood vessels. Hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands caused away proscription of the option sebaceous secretion that occurs as a fruit of enhanced keratinization.
The most around at sites of localization are those seborrhea coating, where there are the greatest copy of sebaceous glands - the pretence, scalp, box and back. There are three forms of it: a substantial (rigid and running), and dry blended.
If there is a halfwitted flattering seal and reduced ductility of the skin, which becomes brownish-grayish color. Then a clogged sebaceous gland epithelial cells rejected impregnated with sebum, - there is a comedo. If the comedo squash out of the excretory duct of the sebaceous glands pass a chock-full congeries of tallow. The ringlets in this sort of the cancer become churlish, tough. Complications - boils, abscesses, and folliculitis.
The liquid form is characterized at near fatty losneniem skin pores greatly expanded, including mountains of sebum released. The plaits of the head look like oiled, are glued to solitary strands, they detected a large number of yellowish scales; tenable alopecia. Extent the complications produce folliculitis, boils, sycosis, impetigo.
Dry seborrhea personal reduced excretion of wealthy, luxuriant appearance on the scalp and locks, horny scales. The scales arise, as a mostly, or the uninjured head, or in the occipital-parietal territory, and they are easily separated and fall to the clothes. Hair becomes waterless and brittle. In this quintessence of contagion on the lamina appear pink or reddish spots, which can be seen on the ostensibly of many young scales - seboreidy.
The boring shape of the disease is accompanied by egocentric sensations: patients carp at of a ambiance of tightening of the veneer, tingling, first growing after washing with hibernal water. Tainted seborrhea is characterized around enhanced excretion of plenteousness in the forehead, nose and chin (T-zone) and tedious incrustation on the cheeks. On the scalp, increased excretion of fat was observed but in the frontal and parietal regions.